Meditation has been practiced by people of many different faiths for thousands of years. Regular practice of meditation can benefit physical health. This may or may not be part of a specific religious tradition. A universal explanation is that meditation is a way of seeking peace with oneself and with the world. No single religious tradition has exclusive ownership of the practice of meditation.

Meditation is not a practice relegated to a select few on a mountaintop, removed from our daily life. Buddhist meditation, or contemplative practice is just one example of meditation. The discipline is a practice that people of various faiths can approach as a novice, an expert, or anywhere in between. Logically, there is no wrong way to meditate. It is a process.

Meditation in Buddhism

Peaceful enlightenment, for Buddhists, is achieved by mindfulness meditation practices. Skills like stillness of the mind, mental clarity, and letting go of the self are ancient eastern practices. A body scan technique can be applied to increase relaxation throughout the physical body. The teacher who employs this technique emphasizes attention on the physical body’s systemic review while keeping a calm, soft tone of voice. Another method is to practice empty mind.

Within Buddhism, there are many different types of meditation practice. Some Buddhists practice metta, or loving-kindness meditation, which focuses the mind on sending loving energy to the self, to others, and to the world as a whole. The goal is to create more peace and harmony in the world and in a person’s own life. Those who practice Nichiren Buddhism focus their meditation on a mantra (brief saying) such as Nam myoho renge kyo, or ‘Let me be one with the stream.’ This type of meditation seeks to bring peace, calmness, and mental clarity to the practitioner.

Embodied Meditation Practices in Buddhist Traditions

Buddhist traditions also incorporate embodied meditation practices such as yoga, T’ai Chi, and walking meditation. All of these aim to create internal peace by engaging the entire body and breathing. The word yoga comes from the Sanskrit word yuj meaning ‘to unite.’ Yuj signifies being joined with the oneness or flow of the universe. By moving the body and using breath in intentional ways, yoga practitioners seek to create a feeling of peace and well-being that spills into daily life.

Practitioners of T’ai Chi seek to improve the flow of qi or life force energy. This energy is believed to already exist in human bodies. By moving and breathing intentionally, practitioners experience this flowing or unified force within, and surrounding them. Walking meditation can be done in a temple, a walking labyrinth, or in a quiet place near nature. It allows people to access a sense of inner peace by focusing on the repetitive mechanics of intentional walking and breathing.

Meditation does not belong solely to Buddhism, or other Eastern traditions. Many cultures and religions incorporate meditative practices in their spiritual disciplines. Spiritual meditation can be embodied through lying flat, seated, walking or standing.

The Islamic tradition

The daily prayers (salaat) are an act of meditation in the Muslim faith. The practicing Muslim takes an intentional break in the activities of the day to quiet the mind and focus their thoughts, breath, and body on Allah. Meditation in this culture requires surrendering to a greater power. Muslim meditation is an example of pausing throughout the day to be mindful of one’s source.

Some Muslims and Sufis practice dhikr, the ongoing repetition of words or phrases that invoke Allah. It is similar to other practices such as mystical Jewish meditation; and the use of mantras in Buddhism. Dhikr allows a person to use words, phrases, and tones to occupy the busy mind and thus transcend everyday busyness to access a space of inner calm and connected peace. This mantra meditation may or may not be accompanied by physical movements or postures that engage the entire body in meditative practice.

The Jewish tradition

Jewish mystics suggest that we may find that oneness with God or join the universal stream of consciousness and “God-knowing” by using different combinations of Hebrew letters as mantras to invoke the names of God. Jewish meditation can also involve recitation of the Sh’ma or other daily prayers with attention to breath, tone, and posture. A practitioner uses familiar words and prayers to anchor one’s thoughts and to clear “mind noise.” Jewish practitioners use the repertoire of Jewish prayer in the Torah to enter a meditative state.

In the Christian tradition

In Christianity, worshipers practice meditation during prayer. Other examples of christian meditations are in song, in the verbal recitation of sacred texts, in the focused contemplation of scripture passages, or in a personal conversation with Jesus, Mary, or any of the saints. Common misconceptions about meditation are the perceived connection to Buddhism or New Age spirituality. Basic meditation has a long history in contemplative Christian traditions.

In recent decades, prominent Christian teachers, such as Richard Foster and Dallas Willard, have reintroduced practices associated with the desert fathers and monastic orders. They have written volumes on spiritual formation and the practice of spiritual disciplines. Meditation is listed as one of the “inward disciplines,” along with prayer, fasting, and Bible study.

Meditation in the Bible

Many Christians contrast their understanding of Eastern meditation as seeking oneness or striving to empty the mind, with meditation as deep contemplation in pursuit of greater understanding, especially of God. Christians of this mindset would consider pursuing a greater understanding of God to be the biblical approach to meditation. Biblical verses such as Psalms 104:34 indicate that meditation can be pleasing to God and Psalms 49:3 connects meditation to wisdom and understanding. The Bible has many references to meditation. Both Joshua and David meditate on the law (Joshua 1:8 & Psalm 119:97) Psalms has many references to meditating on the words, works, and character of God (Psalm 143:5, Psalm 119:27, Psalm 119:148, and Psalm 48:9).

In the New Testament, Paul in 1 Timothy 4:15 admonishes Timothy to “not neglect” or in the KJV “meditate” on his teachings. Similarly, in Philippians 4:8 Christians are instructed to “think on” things that are good. These passages fit well with the conception of meditation and deep contemplation in pursuit of God.

Some sects of Christianity believe that Jesus taught that we all have the kingdom of God within us which some contemplatives interpret to mean that humans are all one with the connected stream of the universe and may access that stream at any time tapping into the teaching of Luke 17:.21, “the Kingdom of God is among you,” seeking peace not in the world, or even in heaven, but within ourselves.

Mindfulness Movement

In the United States, hundreds of mindfulness teachers, leaders, authors, and apps offer guidance in daily meditation practice. There is no time limit to contemplative practice. CEOs, healthcare providers, and teachers are being trained in mindfulness. The prevailing American cultural model of work that prizes efficiency and productivity is leaving people with chronic pain, substance use disorders, and heart disease. The mindfulness movement seeks to slow down the constant hustle and bustle to focus inward. It seeks to find internal peace amidst the constant stressors of modern life without special equipment. Most people cannot retire from life to seek enlightenment on a mountaintop or practice hours of meditation each day. Everyone, however, can carve out a few minutes of daily mindfulness practice which allows them to step away from the psychological distress and burdens of life. Then, carry that sense of peace as they integrate meditation techniques into daily life.

In these traditions, chanting, praying, or intoning words and sounds in a communal setting can focus and intensify the practice. The atmosphere in a mosque during dhikr, a synagogue during the recitation of the kol nidre on Yom Kippur, a Buddhist temple where dozens are chanting the Nam Myoho Renge Kyo, or a church service while the Lord’s Prayer is being recited in unison are powerful expressions of unity with mantra meditation and sound. The intentions and practices of a group can enhance the spiritual experience for all those in the group.

In recent decades the Mindfulness movement has grown in popularity and accessibility. This brings meditation and peace-seeking practices to everyone, regardless of their religious or spiritual identities. Science has proven the positive effects on brain structure with minutes of meditation. The mindfulness movement is a secular model for chronic stress that seeks to train individuals and groups to intentionally quiet the mind, focus on the breath, and perceive one’s thoughts without judgment or engagement.

Accessible to Everyone, Anytime, Anywhere

Regardless of whether people relegate meditation to solitary monks or locate meditation outside of their preferred religious or spiritual practice, there is a growing understanding that meditation is accessible to everyone. When someone is intentionally focusing attention on a thought, a word, a movement, or a peaceful activity, they are meditating. A person can meditate sitting down, while walking or moving, while painting, cooking, playing music, holding children, or doing any activity that brings awareness to their breath, to their connection with others, and to the universe as a whole. Whenever someone taps their source of inner peace, they are engaging in a form of meditation, regardless of meditation styles.

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